Tuesday, July 4, 2017

WAA KUMA JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES?

“When the facts change, I change my mind”- John Maynard Keynes

John Maynard Keynes wuxuu ahaa dhaqaalayahan reer ingiriis ah. Dadka qeyb ayaa soo weriya inuu ahaa diin laawe (atheist). Wuxuu dhashay 5 June 1883, wuxuuna ku dhashay Cambridge,England. Keynes qoyskiisu wuxuu ahaa dabaqadda dhexe, wuxuuna ahaa ilmaha qoyska ugu weyn. Aabbhiiis John Neville Keynes wuxuu ahaa dhaqaalayahan ka tirsan jaamacadda Cambridge, hooyadiisna waxay ahayd Florence Ada Keynes oo iyaduna ahayd qof ka shaqaysa arrimaha bulshada. Keynes wuxuu helay jacaylkii iyo daryeelkii caruurnimo ee uu u baahnaa.
Keynes wuxuu haystay mad-habka dhaqaalaha ee ah Keynesian school. Aasaaska mad-habkaas waxaa lahaa Keynes isagoo aragtiyihii qadiimiga ahaa u beddelay aragtiyo casri ah. Keynes wuxuu ahaa nin hal abuur badan wuxuuna qeyb ka qaatay sidii loo xallin lahaa jahawareerkii dhaqaale ee dunida soo maray kuwoodii ugu waaweynaa. Aragtiyaha mad-habka Keynesian waxay u badanyihiin kuwo ku keenay isbeddel togan iyo xasilooni dhaqaalaha dunida, taas ayaa keentay in dad badan oo dunida magac ku leh ay taageeraan mad-habkaas oo ay dhaqangeliyaan afkaartiisa. Dadka ugu caansan ee mad-habkaan taageera waxaa kamid ah labadii madaxweyne ee hore ee Maraykanka George W. Bush iyo Barack Obama. Iyo raiisul wasaarihii ingiriiska Gordon Brown.
Keynes wuxuu ahaa dhaqaalayahankii indhaha kusoo jeediyay muhiimadda ay leedahay inay dowladdu suuqa u faragashato si maangal oo ay saxdo halkii ay gacmaha ka laaban lahayd arrintaasna waxaa caddayn u ah oraahdiisii caanka noqotay ee ahay “In the long run we are all dead” oo nuxurkeedu yahay haddaysan dowladdu suuqa faragashan oo aysan sixin intuu suuqu isa saxayo dhammaanteen dhimannay.
Sidoo kale John Maynard Keynes waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay aabbaha aasaasay dhaqaalaha guud ee casriga ah  (modern macroeconomics).

Waxbarashadii Keynes
Keynes wuxuu ku qaatay waxbarashadiisii aasaasiga ahayd guriga kadibna wuxuu dhiganay St Faith's preparatory school intii u dhexaysay 1892-1897. Kadib Eton ayuu ku biiray isagoo ka helay deeq waxbarasho. Intuu Eton dhiganayay wuxuu muujiyay inuu aad ugu fiicanyahay xisaabta, iyo taariikhda. Sanadkii 1902 keynes wuu ka tagay Eton si uu aqoon dheeri ah usii doonto wuxuuna ku biiray King's College. Cambridge ayuu iyadana ka helay deeq waxbarasho halkaas ayuuna kasii watay barashadiisi xisaabta.
Alfred Marshall ayaa Keynes ku booriyay inuu dhaqaalayahan noqdo laakiin isagu wuxuu aad u xiisayn jirey falsafadda.
May 1904 wuxuu qaatay shahaadadiisii koowaad ee xisaabaadka. Keynes wuxuu ka qeybqaatay doodo farabadan wuxuuna sii waday inuu sii barto falsafadda sidoo kale na wuxuu qaatay muxaadarooyin dhaqaalaha ku saabsan.

Waxyaabihii uu Keynes soo siyaadiyay
Keynes wuxuu dhaqaalaha dunida kusoo kordhiyay aragtiyo, qoraallo iyo buugaag aad u fara badan.
Buugaagtii, aragtiyihii iyo maqaalladii saamaynta yeeshay oo uu qoray Keynes waxaan tusaale uga soo qaadan karnaa
1913 Indian Currency and Finance.

1915 The Economics of War in Germany.
1919 The Economic Consequences of the Peace.



1922 The Inflation of Currency as a Method of Taxation.
1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform
1925 Am I a Liberal?
1931 The Great Slump of 1930
1933 The Means to Prosperity.
1936 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money.

1937 The General Theory of Employment.

Shaqooyinkii Keynes
Keynes waxa uu la taliye u noqday hay’ado dhowr ah oo samafalka ka shaqeeya. Sidoo kale waxa uu agaasime ka noqday bangi la dhihi jirey Bank of England. Waxa uu noqday shaqaale rayid ah. Sanadkii 1911 Keynes waxa uu tifatire ka noqday joornaal dhaqaalaha ka faalloon jirey oo la dhaho ‘Economic Journal’. Isla sanadkaas waxa uu xubin ka noqday ‘Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance’. Kadib Keynes maadaama uu noqday qof caan ah dowladdii England ayaa soo wacday si uu kaalin uga qaato dagaalkii koowaad ee dunida. January 1915 Keynes waxaa laga shaqaalaysiiyay xafiis dowladeed. 1919 Keynes waxa uu u dallacay matale maaliyadeed “Financial representitative” isaga oo England u matalay shirkii nabadda ee Versailles “ Versailles peace conference”. Keynes intaas kadib waxa uu iska casilay shaqadii uu u hayay, isaga oo u wareegay dhanka qoraalka sanado kadibna waxa uu daabacay buugiisa ahaa ‘The Economic Consequences of the Peace’.

Noloshiisa gaar ka ah.

Keynes waxa uu ahaa nin laga roone ah wuxuuna ahaa ragga xiriirka la sameeyaa ragga kale (homosexuality). Sanadkii 1921 Keynes wuxuu jacayl u qaaday gabadh wadanka Ruushka u dhalatay oo la dhihi jirey Lydia Lopokova. Sanaddii 1925 ayuu guursaday gabadhii uu jeclaaday.

Dhimashadii Keynes
Keynes waxa uu ahaa nin howl badan waqti bandanna ma uusan gelin caafimaadkiisa sidaas darteed ayaa waxaa ku dhacay wadne xanuun daran.
Wadne xanuunkaas ayuu ugu dhintay Firle, East Sussex,UK markay taariikhdu ahayd 21 April 1946.

Qeyb kamid ah hadalladii Keynes ee dhaxalgalka noqdey.
Ideas shape the course of history.
Lung run is a misleading guide to current affairs. In the long run we are all dead.
I don’t know which makes man more conservative to know nothing but the present, or nothing but the past.
The importance of money flows from it being a link between the present and the future.
The political problem of mankind is to combine three things: economic efficiency, social justice and individual liberty.
People will do rational thing, but only after exploring all other alternatives.
Men will not always die quietly.




1 comment:

  1. Mnsha alaah zxb sanco aad baad ugu mahadsantahay macluumadka aad nala wadaagtay

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