“When the facts change, I change
my mind”- John Maynard Keynes
John Maynard Keynes wuxuu ahaa
dhaqaalayahan reer ingiriis ah. Dadka qeyb ayaa soo weriya inuu ahaa diin laawe
(atheist). Wuxuu dhashay 5 June 1883,
wuxuuna ku dhashay Cambridge,England. Keynes qoyskiisu wuxuu ahaa dabaqadda
dhexe, wuxuuna ahaa ilmaha qoyska ugu weyn. Aabbhiiis John Neville Keynes wuxuu
ahaa dhaqaalayahan ka tirsan jaamacadda Cambridge, hooyadiisna waxay ahayd
Florence Ada Keynes oo iyaduna ahayd qof ka shaqaysa arrimaha bulshada. Keynes
wuxuu helay jacaylkii iyo daryeelkii caruurnimo ee uu u baahnaa.
Keynes wuxuu haystay mad-habka
dhaqaalaha ee ah Keynesian school. Aasaaska mad-habkaas waxaa lahaa Keynes
isagoo aragtiyihii qadiimiga ahaa u beddelay aragtiyo casri ah. Keynes wuxuu ahaa
nin hal abuur badan wuxuuna qeyb ka qaatay sidii loo xallin lahaa jahawareerkii
dhaqaale ee dunida soo maray kuwoodii ugu waaweynaa. Aragtiyaha mad-habka
Keynesian waxay u badanyihiin kuwo ku keenay isbeddel togan iyo xasilooni
dhaqaalaha dunida, taas ayaa keentay in dad badan oo dunida magac ku leh ay
taageeraan mad-habkaas oo ay dhaqangeliyaan afkaartiisa. Dadka ugu caansan ee
mad-habkaan taageera waxaa kamid ah labadii madaxweyne ee hore ee Maraykanka George
W. Bush iyo Barack Obama. Iyo raiisul wasaarihii ingiriiska Gordon Brown.
Keynes wuxuu ahaa dhaqaalayahankii
indhaha kusoo jeediyay muhiimadda ay leedahay inay dowladdu suuqa u faragashato
si maangal oo ay saxdo halkii ay gacmaha ka laaban lahayd arrintaasna waxaa caddayn u
ah oraahdiisii caanka noqotay ee ahay “In the long run we are all dead” oo nuxurkeedu yahay
haddaysan dowladdu suuqa faragashan oo aysan sixin intuu suuqu isa saxayo
dhammaanteen dhimannay.
Sidoo kale John Maynard Keynes
waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inuu yahay aabbaha aasaasay dhaqaalaha guud ee casriga ah (modern macroeconomics).
Waxbarashadii Keynes
Keynes wuxuu ku qaatay
waxbarashadiisii aasaasiga ahayd guriga kadibna wuxuu dhiganay St Faith's
preparatory school intii u dhexaysay 1892-1897. Kadib Eton ayuu ku biiray
isagoo ka helay deeq waxbarasho. Intuu Eton dhiganayay wuxuu muujiyay inuu aad
ugu fiicanyahay xisaabta, iyo taariikhda. Sanadkii 1902 keynes wuu ka tagay
Eton si uu aqoon dheeri ah usii doonto wuxuuna ku biiray King's College. Cambridge ayuu iyadana ka helay deeq waxbarasho halkaas ayuuna kasii watay
barashadiisi xisaabta.
Alfred Marshall ayaa Keynes ku
booriyay inuu dhaqaalayahan noqdo laakiin isagu wuxuu aad u xiisayn jirey
falsafadda.
May 1904 wuxuu qaatay
shahaadadiisii koowaad ee xisaabaadka. Keynes wuxuu ka qeybqaatay doodo
farabadan wuxuuna sii waday inuu sii barto falsafadda sidoo kale na wuxuu
qaatay muxaadarooyin dhaqaalaha ku saabsan.
Waxyaabihii uu Keynes soo
siyaadiyay
Keynes wuxuu dhaqaalaha dunida
kusoo kordhiyay aragtiyo, qoraallo iyo buugaag aad u fara badan.
Buugaagtii, aragtiyihii iyo
maqaalladii saamaynta yeeshay oo uu qoray Keynes waxaan tusaale uga soo qaadan
karnaa
1913 Indian Currency and Finance.
1915 The Economics of War in
Germany.
1919 The Economic Consequences of
the Peace.
1922 The Inflation of Currency as
a Method of Taxation.
1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform
1925 Am I a Liberal?
1931 The Great Slump of 1930
1933 The Means to Prosperity.
1936 The General Theory of
Employment, Interest and Money.
1937 The General Theory of
Employment.
Shaqooyinkii Keynes
Keynes waxa uu la taliye u noqday
hay’ado dhowr ah oo samafalka ka shaqeeya. Sidoo kale waxa uu agaasime ka
noqday bangi la dhihi jirey Bank of England. Waxa uu noqday shaqaale rayid ah.
Sanadkii 1911 Keynes waxa uu tifatire ka noqday joornaal dhaqaalaha ka faalloon
jirey oo la dhaho ‘Economic Journal’. Isla sanadkaas waxa uu xubin ka noqday
‘Royal Commission on Indian Currency and Finance’. Kadib Keynes maadaama uu
noqday qof caan ah dowladdii England ayaa soo wacday si uu kaalin uga qaato
dagaalkii koowaad ee dunida. January 1915 Keynes waxaa laga shaqaalaysiiyay
xafiis dowladeed. 1919 Keynes waxa uu u dallacay matale maaliyadeed “Financial
representitative” isaga oo England u matalay shirkii nabadda ee Versailles “
Versailles peace conference”. Keynes intaas kadib waxa uu iska casilay shaqadii
uu u hayay, isaga oo u wareegay dhanka qoraalka sanado kadibna waxa uu daabacay
buugiisa ahaa ‘The Economic Consequences of the Peace’.
Noloshiisa gaar ka ah.
Keynes waxa uu ahaa nin laga roone ah
wuxuuna ahaa ragga xiriirka la sameeyaa ragga kale (homosexuality). Sanadkii
1921 Keynes wuxuu jacayl u qaaday gabadh wadanka Ruushka u dhalatay oo la dhihi
jirey Lydia Lopokova. Sanaddii 1925 ayuu guursaday gabadhii uu jeclaaday.
Dhimashadii Keynes
Keynes waxa uu ahaa nin howl badan
waqti bandanna ma uusan gelin caafimaadkiisa sidaas darteed ayaa waxaa ku
dhacay wadne xanuun daran.
Wadne xanuunkaas ayuu ugu dhintay Firle,
East Sussex,UK markay taariikhdu ahayd 21 April 1946.
Qeyb kamid ah hadalladii Keynes ee
dhaxalgalka noqdey.
Ideas shape the course of history.
Lung run is a misleading guide to
current affairs. In the long run we are all dead.
I don’t know which makes man more
conservative to know nothing but the present, or nothing but the past.
The importance of money flows from
it being a link between the present and the future.
The political problem of mankind
is to combine three things: economic efficiency, social justice and individual
liberty.
People will do rational thing, but
only after exploring all other alternatives.
Men will not always die quietly.
